Lean and Industry 4.0: A Review of the Relationship, Its Limitations, and the Path Ahead with Industry 5.0

This article aims to analyze the relationship between Lean and Industry 4.0, further exploring opportunities for integration with new concept of 5.0. Departing from a literature review, it shows how 4.0 is—while unanimously positive—clearly orientated towards more technological aspects. In this scenario, most studies on highlight side organizations, emphasizing technology augment methodologies tools. As such, apparent value derives use technology, relatively limited inputs input are found issues related human social factors organizations—such as leadership, people, integration, training roles tasks. face reality, we evaluate potential 5.0, arguing may offer proper perspective support sustainability, resilience, orientation in Industrial contexts.